The extremely cold environments of high-latitude regions such as Russia and the Nordic countries , factories or engineering projects applying catalysts to treat waste gases face the significant challenge of "ultra-low temperature start-up . " This requires the entire waste gas treatment system to have excellent low-temperature start-up and condensate drainage performance, and the catalyst itself to possess good low-temperature activity and thermal shock resistance .

In South Asia and Southeast Asia, where the environment is characterized by high temperature and humidity, factories or engineering projects face far more challenges when using catalysts to treat waste gas than in temperate or arid regions . This presents a system engineering challenge: how to apply catalysts stably, efficiently, and for a long lifespan .