Ozone catalysts rely primarily on surface active sites and porous structures to achieve efficient ozone decomposition. Their catalytic activity, reaction efficiency, and lifespan are highly dependent on surface state and structural integrity. High humidity weakens the catalytic effect from multiple dimensions, including physical, chemical, and structural aspects, and can even cause irreversible deactivation. Therefore, pre-humidification is essential in practical applications to ensure long-term

Catalysts are extremely diverse and can be classified according to multiple dimensions such as composition, phase, mechanism of action, and function.

The choice of treatment method for different gaseous pollutants depends on multiple factors such as the chemical properties of the pollutants, their concentration, gas volume, temperature and humidity, emission standards, and cost budget. Main treatment methods are divided into two categories: "recycling" and "conversion".

The extremely cold environments of high-latitude regions such as Russia and the Nordic countries , factories or engineering projects applying catalysts to treat waste gases face the significant challenge of "ultra-low temperature start-up . " This requires the entire waste gas treatment system to have excellent low-temperature start-up and condensate drainage performance, and the catalyst itself to possess good low-temperature activity and thermal shock resistance .

In South Asia and Southeast Asia, where the environment is characterized by high temperature and humidity, factories or engineering projects face far more challenges when using catalysts to treat waste gas than in temperate or arid regions . This presents a system engineering challenge: how to apply catalysts stably, efficiently, and for a long lifespan .